en Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines in Sulfur Mustard Exposed Survivors; An Analytical Review Introduction: This study reviewed the impact of sulfur mustard on biomarkers, particularly the expression of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, among exposed survivors after approximately 10 to 30 years of exposure. The review collected studies on human exposure to sulfur mustard. Sulfur mustard exposure was associated with alteration of biomarkers, including pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, BDNF, GM-CSF) and anti-inflammatory mediators (IL-4, IL-10). The long-term effects of sulfur mustard on inflammatory biomarkers warrant further, in-depth mechanistic studies to elucidate potential therapeutic interventions targeting these pathways. Conclusion: Sulfur mustard induces significant changes in inflammatory markers, including pro-inflammatory (e.g., TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and anti-inflammatory cytokines. These changes indicate activation of the innate immune system and initiation of a severe inflammatory response. Chemical Warfare,Sulfur Mustard,Biomarkers, 299 307 http://ijwph.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-2304-1&slc_lang=en&sid=3 B. Mousavi 1003194753284600379751 1003194753284600379751 Yes Prevention Department, Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center (JMERC), Tehran, Iran Z. Behzad Basirat 1003194753284600379750 1003194753284600379750 No Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center (JMERC), Tehran, Iran