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en Effects of Resistance Training with/without Vitamin D on Muscle Strength, Walking Speed, and Muscle Mass in Elderly Women with Sarcopenia Aims: This study aimed to examine the Effects of Resistance Training With and Without Vitamin D Supplementation on Muscle Strength, Walking Speed, and Muscle Mass in Elderly Women with Sarcopenia. Methodology: In this semi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design, 40 elderly women with sarcopenia (mean age = 62.6 ± 3.27 years) from Aligoudarz city were randomly assigned to four groups: resistance training + vitamin D, resistance training only, vitamin D only, and control (n = 10 each). Resistance training was performed in 24 sessions, while supplementation groups received vitamin D (50,000 IU weekly). Muscle strength, walking speed, and muscle mass were measured before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using t-tests and one-way ANOVA with Duncan’s post hoc test at α = 0.05. Findings: Resistance training, with or without vitamin D supplementation, significantly improved muscle strength (P = 0.001), walking speed (P = 0.001), and muscle mass in elderly women with sarcopenia. However, no significant differences were observed between the combined intervention (resistance training + vitamin D) and resistance training alone in these physical fitness outcomes (P ≥ 0.05). Conclusion: Resistance training significantly enhances muscle strength, walking speed, and muscle mass in elderly women with sarcopenia. Vitamin D supplementation did not provide additional benefits beyond those achieved through resistance training alone, suggesting that exercise remains the primary intervention for improving physical fitness in this population.   Sarcopenia, Resistance Training, Vitamin D Supplementation, Aging 391 397 http://ijwph.daneshafarand.org/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1-96&slc_lang=en&sid=3 P. Nemati peghahnemati@gmail.com 1003194753284600380289 1003194753284600380289 No H. Barzegari Marvast h.barzegari@staff.yazd.ac.ir 1003194753284600380290 1003194753284600380290 No Z. Mosayebi zahramosayebi@ut.ac.ir 1003194753284600380291 1003194753284600380291 Yes