en <span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span cambria="" style="font-family:">Aims:</span></span></b> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span cambria="" style="font-family:">Multiple sclerosis is a chronic demyelinating disease, which is considered an autoimmune disease impacting the central nervous system. Patients with MS may have certain orofacial manifestations and oral microbiological changes as a result of different treatment modalities. This study aimed to investigate the changes of </span></span><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span cambria="" style="font-family:">Candida albicans</span></span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span cambria="" style="font-family:"> in normal oral flora during different modalities of treatment and compare them with healthy individuals.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span cambria="" style="font-family:">Materials & Methods:</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span cambria="" style="font-family:"> 120 Patients were volunteered and divided into four groups of 30 people: 1) patients with MS taking Natalizumab or Tysabri, 2) patients with MS taking Betaferon, 3) patients who were recently diagnosed with MS and were in a variety of progressive stages, 4) healthy individuals (control). The swap samples were taken from the participants, particularly from the oral cavity. PCR real-time program investigated the presence of </span></span><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span cambria="" style="font-family:">Candida albicans</span></span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span cambria="" style="font-family:">. All patients were examined under standardized conditions by a single examiner, and the oral cavity was examined in an artificial light using a mouth mirror.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span cambria="" style="font-family:">Findings: </span></span></b></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span cambria="" style="font-family:">Regarding the presence of <i>Candida albicans</i>, there was a significant difference between the naive MS patient group and healthy individuals (p=0.036). However, the difference between the Tysabri group and the healthy group was not significant (p>0.05), while in the Betaferon group, the presence of <i>Candida albicans</i> significantly increased (p=0.0001). </span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:9pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span linotype="" palatino="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span cambria="" style="font-family:">Conclusion: </span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span cambria="" style="font-family:">Oral <i>Candida albicans</i> increase in naive MS patients compared to healthy individuals. This increase indicates that oral <i>Candida albicans</i> may involve in MS development. On the other hand, orofacial manifestations decrease in all MS treatment groups.</span></span><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Cambria",serif"></span></span></b></span></span></span></span><br> &nbsp; Candida albicans,Natalizumab (Tysabri),Betaferon,Oral Manifestations, 151 157 http://ijwph.daneshafarand.org/browse.php?a_code=A-10-2061-1&slc_lang=en&sid=3 Z.M. Al-Saadi 1003194753284600379024 1003194753284600379024 Yes Ministry of Health and Environment, Baghdad, Iraq F.D. Al-Aswad 1003194753284600378862 1003194753284600378862 No Department of Oral Medicine, College of Dentistry, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq