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en Enhanced Titanium Structures via Spark Plasma Sintering and Shear Extrusion Aims: This study aimed to investigate the effects of simple shear extrusion following spark plasma sintering on the microstructural and mechanical properties of commercially pure titanium for advanced biomedical applications. Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, commercially pure titanium samples were first fabricated using spark plasma sintering at 900°C and were subsequently subjected to simple shear extrusion at room temperature. Microstructural analyses were performed using Williamson-Hall XRD calculations to evaluate grain size. Mechanical properties, including hardness and tensile strength, were assessed to determine the influence of the simple shear extrusion process. Findings: The grain size decreased significantly from 60.2 nm in the spark plasma sintering-processed sample (first sample) to 27.9 nm in the simple shear extrusion-processed sample (second sample). Hardness increased from 373.2 HV in the first sample to 411 HV in the second sample, compared to the base titanium hardness of 315 HV. These findings demonstrate the simple shear extrusion process’s ability to refine the microstructure and enhance mechanical properties. Conclusion: The fusion of spark plasma sintering and simple shear extrusion not only enhances the mechanical integrity and biocompatibility of titanium components but also establishes a solid foundation for developing next-generation medical implants.   Titanium,Biomedical Technology,X-Ray Diffraction,Absorbable Implant, 1 7 http://ijwph.daneshafarand.org/browse.php?a_code=A-10-2253-1&slc_lang=en&sid=3 S.M. Sedehi 1003194753284600379594 1003194753284600379594 Yes Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran S.N. Sharifi 1003194753284600379593 1003194753284600379593 No Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khomeinishahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khomeinishahr, Iran A.M. Dastmard 1003194753284600379592 1003194753284600379592 No Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran N. Darroudi 1003194753284600379517 1003194753284600379517 No Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gonabad University, Gonabad, Iran M.S. Dehghan Niri 1003194753284600379516 1003194753284600379516 No Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gonabad University, Gonabad, Iran