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Volume 13, Issue 4 (2021)
3 2021, 13(4): 267-270 |
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Received: 2021/09/4 | Accepted: 2021/10/4 | Published: 2022/01/24
Received: 2021/09/4 | Accepted: 2021/10/4 | Published: 2022/01/24
How to cite this article
Mahmood Niazy S, Sameen E, Hadi Najm S, Abed Gatea A. Assessment of the Contributing Factors to Head Injury and its Health Outcomes. 3 2021; 13 (4) :267-270
URL: http://ijwph.daneshafarand.org/article-3-85429-en.html
URL: http://ijwph.daneshafarand.org/article-3-85429-en.html
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1- Department of Community Health, Medical-Technical Institute, Baghdad Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq
2- Medical-Technical Institute, Baghdad Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq
3- Ministry of Health, Baghdad, Iraq
2- Medical-Technical Institute, Baghdad Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq
3- Ministry of Health, Baghdad, Iraq
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Introduction
Painful brain injury is a very important cause of death and morbidity in developed countries. Traumatic brain injury is the leading cause of death among people under 45 years worldwide [1]. When referring to brain injury, the term "traumatic brain injury" is preferred to the use of "less specific and more general head injury". While the skull fracture may indicate the presence of painful head injury, neurological symptoms within the skull or proof of pathology are necessary to diagnose head injuries. It is not always necessary for a head injury to be painful due to direct trauma [2]. Every year, head injuries contribute to a large number of deaths and cases of permanent disability. In Europe, the annual incidence of head injury in hospital emergency departments is 2.3 per 1000 person-years [3]. A bump, blow or jolt to the head, or head injury penetrates the brain’s normal function. The intensity of traumatic head injuries may range from "mild" to "severe". There are reasons or multiple factors that contribute to such injuries [4]. The average annual percentage of head injuries by external causes in the United States in 2002-2006 was as follows: increase in emergency department visits related to injuries head (14.4%) and treatment in hospitals (19.5%), an increase of 62% in the related head injuries fall in emergency departments among children aged 14 years and younger, an increase in the associated head injuries falls among adults aged 65 and older; an increase of 46% in the emergency department visits, and a 34% increase in hospitals, and an increase of 27% in deaths related to head injuries [5].
Mortality rates in South Africa are six times higher, and the occurrence of road traffic injuries is doubled, compared to the global average. Major risk factors for head injuries are the age above 60 years and male gender at any age group [6]. In the United States, the main cause of head injury is tall, followed by car accidents and attacks against things [7]. It is economically, socially, and personally a devastating case, which embodies the adage that "prevention is better than cure". In the future, it will depend on improved patient outcomes response organization shocks systems, especially to prevent the potential effects that can be reversed to secondary brain injury[8].
Since there was no independent study to determine the contributing factors of traumatic head injuries in Baghdad province, this study aimed to assess the contributing factors of traumatic head injury and its health outcomes.
Instrument and Methods
This descriptive study was conducted and involved all traumatic head injuries admitted to the Emergency Department of Baghdad Teaching Hospital. Emergency Departments that receive the patients with head trauma in a teaching hospital were selected as a rich field to collect the study participants by purposive sample. The participants were selected by probability sampling approach. A total of 60 patients exposed to traumatic head injuries during the study period were followed for one month to assess the Glasgow Coma Scale and Glasgow Outcome Scale.
A questionnaire specially designed for this purpose was used for interviewing the injured subjects or their attendants when their condition did not warrant the interview. The collected information consisted of personal identification data (age, gender, marital status, education, and occupation) and the contributing factors. Glasgow Coma Scale was used to describe the extent of impaired consciousness objectively. The scale assesses patients according to three aspects of responsiveness: eye-opening, motor, and verbal responses [9]. Glasgow Outcome Scale was used to assess the patients' recovery in five categories (Death, Persistent vegetative state, severe disability, moderate disability, and low disability) [10].
Was the study approved by the Ethics Committee of Baghdad University. Informed written consent was obtained from the patients or their attendance.
Data statistical analysis was done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0 software. Also, a descriptive statistical analysis approach that includes frequencies and percentages was used for quantitative variables.
Findings
According to Table 1, out of 60 patients, 20 (33.3%) aged 20-29 years, 41 (68.3%) were single, 53 (88.3%) were male, 28 (46.7%) had primary schools graduated, and 36 (60%) had free work.
Table 1) Demographic Characteristics of the studied patients (N=60)
Table 2 showed that RTA was the most traumatic head injury, especially automobile, which constituted (68.3%) of all the contributing factors.
Table 2) Contributing Factors of Traumatic Head Injuries
Table 3 indicated that most traumatic head injuries patients had moderate to severe levels of consciousness. Also, most traumatic head injuries patients died (40%).
Table 3) Glasgow Coma Scale and Health Outcome (Glasgow outcome scale)
Discussion
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first project to assess the contributing factors of traumatic head injuries and their health outcomes in Baghdad city. Head injuries are very serious because they can lead to permanent disability, mental retardation, and death. For most people, brain injuries or head injuries are considered unacceptable when engaging in accidents or different types of activities from the workplace. Conversely, head injuries are considered acceptable risks when engaging in sports or different types of activities. Out of 60 patients exposed to such injuries, 20 (33.3%) aged 20-29 years, 41 (68.3%) were single, 53 (88.3%) were male, 28 (46.7%) had primary schools graduated, and 36 (60%) had free work. These results are confirmed in many studies [11-13]. The high morbidity rate among younger age groups in the present study is in accordance with that concluded by Lin and Kraus [14] in developing countries and also that of et al. [15].
The higher incidence of accidents among males concluded in our study is consistent with the findings of other previous studies in other countries [16-19]. This association is not unexpected based on other global estimates and is likely linked to gender roles and high-risk behaviors [20, 21]. Wefaqq Mahdi et al., in 2018, performed the study to assess the contributing factors to head traumatic patients and
its relation to their outcomes at Al-Hilla Teaching Hospital. They concluded that the majority of the study samples (89.0%) were male and 50% aged 18-28 years with low educational levels; these factors were positively and significantly associated with the outcomes of head trauma [22]. Our findings indicated that the most traumatic head injuries were caused by Road Traffic accidents, especially automobiles, which constituted (68.3%) compared to the remaining accidents because injuries are caused by decreased attention, chaotic traffic, and unintentional. This result is consistent with a prospective analysis study conducted to investigate the outcomes in patients with a severe head injury. Their findings revealed that a road traffic accident was the commonest (83.64%) cause of severe head injury [23]. Also, the other study conducted by Gururaj indicated that the majority (60%) of cases of traumatic brain injury are due to road traffic injuries (RTI) [24].
In the current study, the patients exposed to traumatic head injuries had a severe modern loss of consciousness, and 40% USA, head injuries are estimated at 1.7 million each year. About 3% of these accidents lead to death. In adults, the infection rate is more than any other age group, and it is often due to falling injuries, car accidents, collisions, bumping into the body, or due to assaults [25].
The evidence base for the early management of head-injured patients (assessment, resuscitation, and early management) confirmed that 38% of these patients suffer from severe levels of conscious loss and the outcomes depict death to vegetative [26].
Conclusion
Road Traffic Accidents are the most common factor which causes head injury amongst young adults leading to death. The Ministry of Health needs to address this serious problem to develop healthcare professionals who have specific training and experience in brain injury.
Acknowledgments: -
Ethical Permissions: This study does not have ethical code.
Conflicts of Interests: -
Authors’ Contribution: Mahmood Niazy Sh. (First Author), Introduction Writer (25%); Sameen E.K. (Second Author), Assistant Researcher (25%); Hadi Najm Sh. (Third Author), Discussion Writer (25%); Abed Gatea A. (Fourth author), Assistant Researcher (25%).
Funding/Support: -
Painful brain injury is a very important cause of death and morbidity in developed countries. Traumatic brain injury is the leading cause of death among people under 45 years worldwide [1]. When referring to brain injury, the term "traumatic brain injury" is preferred to the use of "less specific and more general head injury". While the skull fracture may indicate the presence of painful head injury, neurological symptoms within the skull or proof of pathology are necessary to diagnose head injuries. It is not always necessary for a head injury to be painful due to direct trauma [2]. Every year, head injuries contribute to a large number of deaths and cases of permanent disability. In Europe, the annual incidence of head injury in hospital emergency departments is 2.3 per 1000 person-years [3]. A bump, blow or jolt to the head, or head injury penetrates the brain’s normal function. The intensity of traumatic head injuries may range from "mild" to "severe". There are reasons or multiple factors that contribute to such injuries [4]. The average annual percentage of head injuries by external causes in the United States in 2002-2006 was as follows: increase in emergency department visits related to injuries head (14.4%) and treatment in hospitals (19.5%), an increase of 62% in the related head injuries fall in emergency departments among children aged 14 years and younger, an increase in the associated head injuries falls among adults aged 65 and older; an increase of 46% in the emergency department visits, and a 34% increase in hospitals, and an increase of 27% in deaths related to head injuries [5].
Mortality rates in South Africa are six times higher, and the occurrence of road traffic injuries is doubled, compared to the global average. Major risk factors for head injuries are the age above 60 years and male gender at any age group [6]. In the United States, the main cause of head injury is tall, followed by car accidents and attacks against things [7]. It is economically, socially, and personally a devastating case, which embodies the adage that "prevention is better than cure". In the future, it will depend on improved patient outcomes response organization shocks systems, especially to prevent the potential effects that can be reversed to secondary brain injury[8].
Since there was no independent study to determine the contributing factors of traumatic head injuries in Baghdad province, this study aimed to assess the contributing factors of traumatic head injury and its health outcomes.
Instrument and Methods
This descriptive study was conducted and involved all traumatic head injuries admitted to the Emergency Department of Baghdad Teaching Hospital. Emergency Departments that receive the patients with head trauma in a teaching hospital were selected as a rich field to collect the study participants by purposive sample. The participants were selected by probability sampling approach. A total of 60 patients exposed to traumatic head injuries during the study period were followed for one month to assess the Glasgow Coma Scale and Glasgow Outcome Scale.
A questionnaire specially designed for this purpose was used for interviewing the injured subjects or their attendants when their condition did not warrant the interview. The collected information consisted of personal identification data (age, gender, marital status, education, and occupation) and the contributing factors. Glasgow Coma Scale was used to describe the extent of impaired consciousness objectively. The scale assesses patients according to three aspects of responsiveness: eye-opening, motor, and verbal responses [9]. Glasgow Outcome Scale was used to assess the patients' recovery in five categories (Death, Persistent vegetative state, severe disability, moderate disability, and low disability) [10].
Was the study approved by the Ethics Committee of Baghdad University. Informed written consent was obtained from the patients or their attendance.
Data statistical analysis was done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0 software. Also, a descriptive statistical analysis approach that includes frequencies and percentages was used for quantitative variables.
Findings
According to Table 1, out of 60 patients, 20 (33.3%) aged 20-29 years, 41 (68.3%) were single, 53 (88.3%) were male, 28 (46.7%) had primary schools graduated, and 36 (60%) had free work.
Table 1) Demographic Characteristics of the studied patients (N=60)
Table 2 showed that RTA was the most traumatic head injury, especially automobile, which constituted (68.3%) of all the contributing factors.
Table 2) Contributing Factors of Traumatic Head Injuries
Table 3 indicated that most traumatic head injuries patients had moderate to severe levels of consciousness. Also, most traumatic head injuries patients died (40%).
Table 3) Glasgow Coma Scale and Health Outcome (Glasgow outcome scale)
Discussion
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first project to assess the contributing factors of traumatic head injuries and their health outcomes in Baghdad city. Head injuries are very serious because they can lead to permanent disability, mental retardation, and death. For most people, brain injuries or head injuries are considered unacceptable when engaging in accidents or different types of activities from the workplace. Conversely, head injuries are considered acceptable risks when engaging in sports or different types of activities. Out of 60 patients exposed to such injuries, 20 (33.3%) aged 20-29 years, 41 (68.3%) were single, 53 (88.3%) were male, 28 (46.7%) had primary schools graduated, and 36 (60%) had free work. These results are confirmed in many studies [11-13]. The high morbidity rate among younger age groups in the present study is in accordance with that concluded by Lin and Kraus [14] in developing countries and also that of et al. [15].
The higher incidence of accidents among males concluded in our study is consistent with the findings of other previous studies in other countries [16-19]. This association is not unexpected based on other global estimates and is likely linked to gender roles and high-risk behaviors [20, 21]. Wefaqq Mahdi et al., in 2018, performed the study to assess the contributing factors to head traumatic patients and
its relation to their outcomes at Al-Hilla Teaching Hospital. They concluded that the majority of the study samples (89.0%) were male and 50% aged 18-28 years with low educational levels; these factors were positively and significantly associated with the outcomes of head trauma [22]. Our findings indicated that the most traumatic head injuries were caused by Road Traffic accidents, especially automobiles, which constituted (68.3%) compared to the remaining accidents because injuries are caused by decreased attention, chaotic traffic, and unintentional. This result is consistent with a prospective analysis study conducted to investigate the outcomes in patients with a severe head injury. Their findings revealed that a road traffic accident was the commonest (83.64%) cause of severe head injury [23]. Also, the other study conducted by Gururaj indicated that the majority (60%) of cases of traumatic brain injury are due to road traffic injuries (RTI) [24].
In the current study, the patients exposed to traumatic head injuries had a severe modern loss of consciousness, and 40% USA, head injuries are estimated at 1.7 million each year. About 3% of these accidents lead to death. In adults, the infection rate is more than any other age group, and it is often due to falling injuries, car accidents, collisions, bumping into the body, or due to assaults [25].
The evidence base for the early management of head-injured patients (assessment, resuscitation, and early management) confirmed that 38% of these patients suffer from severe levels of conscious loss and the outcomes depict death to vegetative [26].
Conclusion
Road Traffic Accidents are the most common factor which causes head injury amongst young adults leading to death. The Ministry of Health needs to address this serious problem to develop healthcare professionals who have specific training and experience in brain injury.
Acknowledgments: -
Ethical Permissions: This study does not have ethical code.
Conflicts of Interests: -
Authors’ Contribution: Mahmood Niazy Sh. (First Author), Introduction Writer (25%); Sameen E.K. (Second Author), Assistant Researcher (25%); Hadi Najm Sh. (Third Author), Discussion Writer (25%); Abed Gatea A. (Fourth author), Assistant Researcher (25%).
Funding/Support: -
Keywords: