1.0
Cite Score 2025
SJR: 0.129 / SNIP: 0.140
JMERC
Owner
Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center (JMERC) is the owner of IJWPH.
Volume 18, Issue 1 (2026)
3 2026, 18(1): 65-76 |
Back to browse issues page
Request Type:
History
Received: 2026/05/4 | Accepted: 2026/01/29 | Published: 2026/01/29
Received: 2026/05/4 | Accepted: 2026/01/29 | Published: 2026/01/29
How to cite this article
Mazhari S, Najari A, Sobhani Z, Yarahmadi A, Latifi M. Health Management in War and Post-War Crises. 3 2026; 18 (1) :65-76
URL: http://ijwph.daneshafarand.org/article-3-85672-en.html
URL: http://ijwph.daneshafarand.org/article-3-85672-en.html
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Rights and permissions
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
1- Center of Statistics and Information Technology Management, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
2- Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
2- Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
Abstract (301 Views)
Aims: Armed conflicts and post-conflict crises severely disrupt health systems, exacerbate health inequities, and undermine service delivery. This study aimed to systematically review global evidence on health management in war and post-conflict settings and to identify emerging priorities for applied research and policy guidance.
Information & Methods: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A comprehensive search was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science for peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2025. Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method studies examining health management interventions, strategies, and system-level responses in war and post-conflict contexts were included. Study selection and data extraction were independently conducted by two reviewers. Of the 900 records identified, 87 studies met the inclusion criteria.
Findings: Health management in war and post-conflict crises was structured around nine interrelated domains, including health policy and governance, healthcare service delivery, mental health and psychosocial support, health of vulnerable populations, health information systems and digital technologies, health economics and equity, health workforce education and capacity-building, health system resilience and reconstruction; and legal, ethical, and humanitarian frameworks.
Conclusion: Effective health management in war and post-conflict settings requires integrated, adaptive, and evidence-based approaches addressing both immediate humanitarian needs and long-term system recovery.
Information & Methods: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A comprehensive search was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science for peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2025. Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method studies examining health management interventions, strategies, and system-level responses in war and post-conflict contexts were included. Study selection and data extraction were independently conducted by two reviewers. Of the 900 records identified, 87 studies met the inclusion criteria.
Findings: Health management in war and post-conflict crises was structured around nine interrelated domains, including health policy and governance, healthcare service delivery, mental health and psychosocial support, health of vulnerable populations, health information systems and digital technologies, health economics and equity, health workforce education and capacity-building, health system resilience and reconstruction; and legal, ethical, and humanitarian frameworks.
Conclusion: Effective health management in war and post-conflict settings requires integrated, adaptive, and evidence-based approaches addressing both immediate humanitarian needs and long-term system recovery.
Keywords:
References
1. Ghafoori N, Yolchi J. The impact of armed conflicts on child-related sustainable development goals: A panel analysis of 54 countries. Int Peacekeep. 2026:1-31. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/13533312.2026.2638298]
2. Kaźmierski R. Brain injury mobile diagnostic system: Applications in civilian medical service and on the battlefield-General concept and medical aspects. J Clin Ultrasound. 2023;51(9):1598-606. [Link] [DOI:10.1002/jcu.23545]
3. Lubkowski P, Krygier J, Sondej T, Dobrowolski AP, Apiecionek L, Znaniecki W, et al. Decision support system proposal for medical evacuations in military operations. Sensors. 2023;23(11):5144. [Link] [DOI:10.3390/s23115144]
4. Edward A, Osei-Bonsu K, Branchini C, Yarghal TS, Arwal SH, Naeem AJ. Enhancing governance and health system accountability for people centered healthcare: An exploratory study of community scorecards in Afghanistan. BMC Health Serv Res. 2015;15(1):299. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s12913-015-0946-5]
5. Markowski J. Turf wars: How growth and competitive shocks have affected the performance and stability of community health centers. Milbank Q. 2025;103(3):779-808. [Link] [DOI:10.1111/1468-0009.70031]
6. Rabayaa M. Beyond the battlefield: An analysis of the war-related health impacts in the Gaza strip, Palestine. Front Public Health. 2026;14:1739474. [Link] [DOI:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1739474]
7. Harrell M, Selvaraj SA, Edgar M. Danger! Crisis health workers at risk. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(15):5270. [Link] [DOI:10.3390/ijerph17155270]
8. Jankowski M, Lazarus JV, Kuchyn I, Zemskov S, Gałązkowski R, Gujski M. One year on: Poland's public health initiatives and national response to millions of refugees from Ukraine. Med Sci Monit Int Med J Exp Clin Res. 2023;29:e940223-1. [Link] [DOI:10.12659/MSM.940223]
9. Aitblal H. Invisible harm in a visible war: A thematic analysis of slow violence and engaged vulnerability in the denial of children's health rights in Gaza. Gothenburg: University of Gothenburg; 2026. [Link]
10. Dewachi O, Skelton M, Nguyen VK, Fouad FM, Sitta GA, Maasri Z, et al. Changing therapeutic geographies of the Iraqi and Syrian wars. Lancet. 2014;383(9915):449-57. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62299-0]
11. Misganaw A, Naghavi M, Walker A, Mirkuzie AH, Giref AZ, Berheto TM, et al. Progress in health among regions of Ethiopia, 1990-2019: A subnational country analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2022;399(10332):1322-35. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02868-3]
12. Tiruneh A, Yetneberk T, Teshome D, Fenta E. The effect of war on the health system, mental health, maternal health, and other war-related health issues in northern Ethiopia from 2020 to 2025: A narrative review. Ethics Med Public Health. 2026;34:101215. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.jemep.2025.101215]
13. Ismail A, Salah M, Gilbert M, Abu Alreesh YH, Jones C. Rebuilding Gaza's health system: A qualitative study of healthcare workers' experiences and lessons learned from responding to mass casualty incidents (2018-2021). PLoS One. 2026;21(2):e0342654. [Link] [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0342654]
14. Al-Hroub A. Death anxiety and trauma in forcibly displaced children in the Gaza strip: A critical review of emerging research, 2024-2025. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2026;28(1):21. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s11920-026-01670-8]
15. Chin DL, Zeber JE. Mental health outcomes among military service members after severe injury in combat and TBI. Mil Med. 2020;185(5-6):e711-8. [Link] [DOI:10.1093/milmed/usz440]
16. Melcer T, Walker J, Sazon J, Domasing R, Perez K, Bhatnagar V, et al. Outpatient pharmacy prescriptions during the first year following serious combat injury: A retrospective analysis. Mil Med. 2020;185(7-8):e1091-100. [Link] [DOI:10.1093/milmed/usaa038]
17. Sanguineti MCD, Fonseca L, Burgess RA, Concha N, González M, San Juan NV, et al. Resisting epistemic violence in global mental health: Listening to local understandings of mental health and emotional distress among victims and ex-guerrilla members in Southern Colombia. SSM Ment Health. 2025;7:100385. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2024.100385]
18. Weber S, Carranza F, Rengifo JR, Romero C, Arrieta S, Martínez K, et al. Mapping mental health care services for children and youth population in Colombia's Pacific: Potential for boundary spanning between community and formal services. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2024;18(1):9. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s13033-024-00626-w]
19. Adams B, Vallières F, Duncan JA, Higgins A, Eaton J. Stakeholder perspectives of community mental health forums: A qualitative study in Sierra Leone. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2020;14(1):50. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s13033-020-00382-7]
20. Haque U, Naeem A, Wang S, Espinoza J, Holovanova I, Gutor T, et al. The human toll and humanitarian crisis of the Russia-Ukraine war: The first 162 days. BMJ Glob Health. 2022;7(9):e009550. [Link] [DOI:10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009550]
21. Bertone MP, Martins JS, Pereira SM, Martineau T, Alonso-Garbayo A. Understanding HRH recruitment in post-conflict settings: An analysis of central-level policies and processes in Timor-Leste (1999-2018). Hum Resour Health. 2018;16(1):66. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s12960-018-0325-5]
22. Fried DA, Rajan M, Tseng Cl, Helmer D. Impact of presumed service-connected diagnosis on the Department of Veterans Affairs healthcare utilization patterns of Vietnam-Theater Veterans: A cross-sectional study. Medicine. 2018;97(19):e0662. [Link] [DOI:10.1097/MD.0000000000010662]
23. Lazarus L, McClarty LM, Herpai N, Pavlova D, Tarasova T, Gnatenko A, et al. "… because the social work never ends": A qualitative study exploring how NGOs responded to emerging needs while upholding responsibility to HIV prevention and treatment during the war in Ukraine. J Int AIDS Soc. 2024;27:e26309. [Link] [DOI:10.1002/jia2.26309]
24. Naeemi S, Hofiani SMS, Frogh AK, Niazy SMR, Mirzazadeh A, Sadaat SI, et al. Psychological distress among healthcare workers in Kabul following the 2021 transition. Confl Health. 2025;19(1):59. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s13031-025-00702-z]
25. Rudenko S, Tasenko M. Improving the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder and anxiety-depressive disorders using the methods of phenomenological philosophy: Experience of interdisciplinary practices in Ukraine. STUDIA WARMIŃSKIE. 2024;61:127-38. [Link] [DOI:10.31648/sw.10789]
26. Bury G, Fitzpatrick C, Heron B, Cullen W, Scully E, Kachurets K, et al. Ukraine trauma project: The feasibility of introducing advanced trauma-care skills to frontline emergency medical services responders. BMJ Open. 2023;13(11):e077895. [Link] [DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-077895]
27. Chamie K, DeVere White RW, Lee D, Ok J, Ellison LM. Agent orange exposure, Vietnam war veterans, and the risk of prostate cancer. Cancer. 2008;113(9):2464-70. [Link] [DOI:10.1002/cncr.23695]
28. Sirotchenko T, Karamaneshta M. Changes in the main epidemiological indicators of type 1 diabetes mellitus in the children's population of the Luhansk People's Republic in 2010-2021. Diabetes Mellit. 2025;28(2):104-10. [Link] [DOI:10.14341/DM13121]
29. Weinreich KJ, Frankova I, Maksymets N, Barbui C, Klymchuk V, Mooren T, et al. Implementing scalable face-to-face and digital interventions among forcibly displaced persons from Ukraine in Europe: Protocol of the U-RISE project. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2025;16(1):2468117. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/20008066.2025.2468117]
30. Gerstl S, Sauter J, Kasanda J, Kinzelbach A. Who can afford health care? Evaluating the socio-economic conditions and the ability to contribute to health care in a post-conflict area in DR Congo. PLoS One. 2013;8(10):e77382. [Link] [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0077382]
31. Tunçalp Ö, Fall IS, Phillips SJ, Williams I, Sacko M, Touré OB, et al. Conflict, displacement and sexual and reproductive health services in Mali: Analysis of 2013 health resources availability mapping system (HeRAMS) survey. Confl Health. 2015;9(1):28. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s13031-015-0051-8]
32. Varpilah ST, Safer M, Frenkel E, Baba D, Massaquoi M, Barrow G. Rebuilding human resources for health: A case study from Liberia. Hum Resour Health. 2011;9(1):11. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/1478-4491-9-11]
33. Al-Dar AA, Al-Qassimi M, Ezzadeen FH, Qassime M, Al Murtadha AM, Ghaleb Y. Diphtheria resurgence in Sada'a-Yemen, 2017-2020. BMC Infect Diseases. 2022;22(1):46. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s12879-022-07033-x]
34. Dean L, Theobald S, Nallo G, Bettee A, Kollie K, Tolhurst R. A syndemic born of war: Combining intersectionality and structural violence to explore the biosocial interactions of neglected tropical diseases, disability and mental distress in Liberia. PLoS Glob Public Health. 2022;2(6):e0000551. [Link] [DOI:10.1371/journal.pgph.0000551]
35. Gebrekidan A, Haftu H, Hailu BY, Zenebe D, Gebremedhin M, Abraha HE, et al. The effect of war and siege on children with diabetes admitted to Ayder comprehensive specialized hospital in Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):25007. [Link] [DOI:10.1038/s41598-024-76516-5]
36. Hemat H, Shah S, Isaakidis P, Das M, Kyaw NTT, Zaheer S, et al. Before the bombing: High burden of traumatic injuries in Kunduz trauma center, Kunduz, Afghanistan. PLoS One. 2017;12(3):e0165270. [Link] [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0165270]
37. Karim AM, Hussain I, Malik SK, Lee JH, Cho IH, Kim YB, et al. Epidemiology and clinical burden of malaria in the war-torn area, Orakzai Agency in Pakistan. PLoS Negl Trop Diseases. 2016;10(1):e0004399. [Link] [DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004399]
38. Kramer A, Brunstein-Klomek A, Neuthal N, Nakash Bar T, Tzur Bitan D. Professional and service-user perspectives regarding the future of mental healthcare in Israel. Isr J Health Policy Res. 2025;14(1):48. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s13584-025-00710-7]
39. Leidman E, Maliniak M, Sultan ASS, Hassan A, Hussain SJ, Bilukha OO. Road traffic fatalities in selected governorates of Iraq from 2010 to 2013: Prospective surveillance. Confl Health. 2016;10(1):2. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s13031-016-0070-0]
40. Nakken C, Skovdal M, Nellums L, Friedland J, Hargreaves S, Norredam M. Vaccination status and needs of asylum-seeking children in Denmark: A retrospective data analysis. Public Health. 2018;158:110-6. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.puhe.2018.02.018]
41. Owczarzak J, Monton O, Fuller S, Burlaka J, Kiriazova T, Morozova O, et al. "Will you need this health at all? Will you be alive?": Using the bioecological model of mass trauma to understand HIV care experiences during the war in Ukraine. J Int AIDS Soc. 2024;27:e26307. [Link] [DOI:10.1002/jia2.26307]
42. Walton M, Hall J, Van Ogtrop F, Guest D, Black K, Beardsley J, et al. The extent to which the domestic conditions of cocoa farmers in Bougainville impede livelihoods. One Health. 2020;10:100142. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100142]
43. Wurie HR, Samai M, Witter S. Retention of health workers in rural Sierra Leone: Findings from life histories. Hum Resour Health. 2016;14(1):3. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s12960-016-0099-6]
44. Zafar S, Sikander S, Hamdani SU, Atif N, Akhtar P, Nazir H, et al. The effectiveness of technology-assisted cascade training and supervision of community health workers in delivering the thinking healthy program for perinatal depression in a post-conflict area of Pakistan-study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2016;17(1):188. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s13063-016-1308-2]
45. Edoka I, McPake B, Ensor T, Amara R, Edem-Hotah J. Changes in catastrophic health expenditure in post-conflict Sierra Leone: An Oaxaca-blinder decomposition analysis. Int J Equity Health. 2017;16(1):166. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s12939-017-0661-4]
46. Fujii S, Kunii Y, Nonaka S, Hamaie Y, Hino M, Egawa S, et al. Real-time prediction of medical demand and mental health status in Ukraine under Russian invasion using tweet analysis. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2023;259(3):177-88. [Link] [DOI:10.1620/tjem.2022.J111]
47. Kukharuk O, Tkalich K, Kamash N, Georgiou O. Effectiveness of immersive VR therapy in reducing stress-associated symptoms in Ukraine. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2025;16(1):2488097. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/20008066.2025.2488097]
48. Leoniuk K, Sobczak K, Kamińska-Skrzyńska W, Janaszczyk A. Midwives' experiences of caring for Ukrainian war refugees: A qualitative study. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2025:2505-14. [Link] [DOI:10.2147/RMHP.S524572]
49. Nassar AAH, Al Amad MA, Qasim M, Dureab F. Risk factors for measles outbreak in Ataq and Habban districts, Shabwah governorate, Yemen, February to May 2018. BMC Infect Diseases. 2021;21(1):551. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s12879-021-06207-3]
50. Pruginin I, Segal-Engelchin D, Isralowitz R, Reznik A. Shared war reality effects on the professional quality of life of mental health professionals. Israel J Health Policy Research. 2016;5(1):17. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s13584-016-0075-6]
51. Soqia J, Yakoub-Agha L, Mohamad L, Alhomsi R, Shamaa MA, Yazbek A, et al. Syrian crises effect on specialty choice and the decision to work in the country among residents of six major hospitals in Syria, Damascus. PLoS One. 2024;19(2):e0295310. [Link] [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0295310]
52. Al-Dahir S, Hasan TA, Khalil A, Moss WJ, Talaat KR, Knoll MD, et al. Changes in healthcare seeking behaviors among caretakers of children in the previously occupied ISIS territory: Hadeetha, Anbar, Iraq: A cross-sectional survey of 415 households. Confl Health. 2024;18(1):64. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s13031-024-00622-4]
53. Haar RJ, Risko CB, Singh S, Rayes D, Albaik A, Alnajar M, et al. Determining the scope of attacks on health in four governorates of Syria in 2016: Results of a field surveillance program. PLoS Med. 2018;15(4):e1002559. [Link] [DOI:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002559]
54. Hosseini M, Allami M, Soroush M, Babaha F, Minooeefar J, Rahimpoor D. Chronic traumatic ankle and foot osteomyelitis: A nationwide case-control study. Mil Med Res. 2018;5(1):15. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s40779-018-0163-8]
55. Hussein RA, Suprenant MP, Al-Dheeb N, Guerrero S, Rogers E, Shafique F, et al. A mathematical model to estimate the incidence of child wasting in Yemen. Confl Health. 2021;15(1):62. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s13031-021-00400-6]
56. Lafferty M, Winchell K, Cottrell E, Knight S, Nugent SM. Women of the Gulf War: Understanding their military and health experiences over 30 years. Mil Med. 2023;188(9-10):3191-8. [Link] [DOI:10.1093/milmed/usac283]
57. Nahhat F, Doyya M, Zabad K, Laban TA, Najjar H, Saifo M, et al. Breast cancer quality of care in Syria: Screening, diagnosis, and staging. BMC Cancer. 2023;23(1):1234. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s12885-023-11740-2]
58. Shedaiwah S, Alsharabi H, Anam L, Al Amad MA. Risk factors of diphtheria outbreak in Damt district of Al Dhalea Governorate, 2023-Yemen: A case-control study. BMC Infect Dis. 2024;24(1):1034. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s12879-024-09932-7]
59. Torbosh A, Al Amad MA, Al Serouri A, Khader Y. The impact of war in Yemen on immunization coverage of children under one year of age: Descriptive study. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2019;5(4):e14461. [Link] [DOI:10.2196/14461]
60. Aden JA, Ahmed HJ, Östergren PO. Causes and contributing factors of maternal mortality in Bosaso District of Somalia. A retrospective study of 30 cases using a Verbal Autopsy approach. Glob Health Action. 2019;12(1):1672314. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/16549716.2019.1672314]
61. Al-Samhari GA, Al-Mushiki GM, Tamrakar R, Lin YD, Al-Shaebi F, Akroot MA, et al. Prevalence, aetiology, vaccination coverage and spatio-temporal pattern among patients admitted with acute bacterial meningitis to the sentinel hospital surveillance network in Yemen, 2014-20, before and during the civil war. Int J Epidemiol. 2023;52(4):1175-86. [Link] [DOI:10.1093/ije/dyad047]
62. Alnasser AA, Darwish M, Aldbis A, Polinori C, Elnakib S, Bellizzi S, et al. Renewable resilience in conflict: Lessons learned from Syria's solar-powered electric health vehicles. Front Public Health. 2025;13:1560063. [Link] [DOI:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1560063]
63. Baatz RK, Ekzayez A, Najib Y, Alkhalil M, Salem M, Alshiekh MA, et al. Vaccination governance in protracted conflict settings: The case of northwest Syria. BMC Health Serv Res. 2024;24(1):1056. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s12913-024-11413-1]
64. Berihu BA, Mulugeta A, Magana T, Tessema M, Gebreegziabher T, Berhe Y, et al. Neural tube defects in a war-torn Tigray regional state of Ethiopia: A retrospective study of 54,626 deliveries. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2025;25(1):108. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s12884-025-07254-3]
65. Korzeniewski K, Richert W, Marchelek-Myśliwiec M. Intestinal parasitic infections in Ukrainian war refugee children living in Poland. Paediatr Fam Med. 2024;20(2). [Link] [DOI:10.15557/PiMR.2024.0029]
66. Malembaka EB, Karemere H, Bisimwa Balaluka G, Altare C, Odikro MA, Lwamushi SM, et al. Are people most in need utilising health facilities in post-conflict settings? A cross-sectional study from South Kivu, eastern DR Congo. Glob Health Action. 2020;13(1):1740419. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/16549716.2020.1740419]
67. Massmann R, Groh T, Jilich D, Bartková D, Bartovská Z, Chmelař J, et al. HIV-positive Ukrainian refugees in the Czech Republic. Aids. 2023;37(12):1811-8. [Link] [DOI:10.1097/QAD.0000000000003633]
68. Eskridge SL, Huang B, McQuade A, Goldman SM, Dearth CL. Acute complications of United States service members with combat-related lower extremity limb salvage. J Clin Med. 2025;14(11):3923. [Link] [DOI:10.3390/jcm14113923]
69. Tibasima EB, Kumbakulu PK, Chirac LP, Ramazani O, Patrick TB, Olga KK, et al. Prevalence, associated factors, and clinical outcomes of Helicobacter pylori infection in pediatric populations in a war-torn urban environment in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: a mixed methods study. BMC Pediatrics. 2025;25(1):257. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s12887-025-05588-7]
70. Bernasconi A, Crabbé F, Adedeji AM, Bello A, Schmitz T, Landi M, et al. Results from one-year use of an electronic Clinical Decision Support System in a post-conflict context: An implementation research. PLoS One. 2019;14(12):e0225634. [Link] [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0225634]
71. Mosleh M, Al Jeesh Y, Dalal K, Eriksson C, Carlerby H, Viitasara E. Barriers to managing and delivery of care to war-injured survivors or patients with non-communicable disease: A qualitative study of Palestinian patients' and policy-makers' perspectives. BMC Health Serv Res. 2020;20(1):406. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s12913-020-05302-6]
72. Stewart BT, Lafta R, Al Shatari SAE, Cherewick M, Burnham G, Hagopian A, et al. Burns in Baghdad from 2003 to 2014: Results of a randomized household cluster survey. Burns. 2016;42(1):48-55. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.burns.2015.10.002]
73. Tsadik M, Woldearegay HG, Berhe AK, Gebretnsae H, Ebrahim MM, Meles GG, et al. Low uptake and readiness of child health services in Postwar Tigray, Ethiopia: Awaiting for a response. Discov Public Health. 2025;22(1):193. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s12982-025-00580-z]
74. Casey SE, Tshipamba M. Contraceptive availability leads to increase in use in conflict-affected Democratic Republic of the Congo: Evidence from cross-sectional cluster surveys, facility assessments and service statistics. Confl Health. 2017;11(1):2. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s13031-017-0104-2]
75. Mahmud H, Mor Y, Givon A, Kitrey N. War-related urological trauma in Israel: A retrospective national registry analysis. World J Urol. 2025;43(1):1-8. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s00345-025-05899-5]
76. Oladeji O, Campbell P, Jaiswal C, Chamla D, Oladeji B, Ajumara CO, et al. Integrating immunization services into nutrition sites to improve immunization status of internally displaced persons' children living in Bentiu protection of civilian site, South Sudan. Pan Afr Med J. 2019;32(1). [Link] [DOI:10.11604/pamj.2019.32.28.15464]
77. Poe A, Emily, Aurora, Aung HT, Reh ASE, Grissom B, et al. Struggling to resume childhood vaccination during war in Myanmar: Evaluation of a pilot program. Int J Equity Health. 2024;23(1):121. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s12939-024-02165-9]
78. Ali AMA, Adam OAM, Salem SEM, Hamad SHI, Ahmed NEM, Ali HMA, et al. Prevalence of physical and mental health problems among internally displaced persons in White Nile state, Sudan 2023: A cross sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2024;24(1):3448. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s12889-024-20972-1]
79. Nordstrand AE, Anyan F, Bøe HJ, Hjemdal O, Noll LK, Reichelt JG, et al. Problematic anger among military personnel after combat deployment: Prevalence and risk factors. BMC Psychol. 2024;12(1):451. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s40359-024-01955-8]
80. Pinchuk I, Goto R, Kolodezhny O, Pimenova N, Skokauskas N. Dynamics of hospitalizations and staffing of Ukraine's mental health services during the Russian invasion. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2023;17(1):20. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s13033-023-00589-4]
81. Sberro-Cohen S, Ellen M. From conflict to care-telemedicine utilization during wartime: A retrospective cohort study. J Med Syst. 2025;49(1):83. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s10916-025-02220-0]
82. Ippolito AC, Seelig AD, Powell TM, Conlin AMS, Crum-Cianflone NF, Lemus H, et al. Risk factors associated with miscarriage and impaired fecundity among United States servicewomen during the recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. Womens Health Issues. 2017;27(3):356-65. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.whi.2016.12.012]
83. Aloush V, Gurfinkel A, Ablin JN, Elkana O. Physical and mental health of fibromyalgia patients following October 7th attack and the ensuing military conflict: A cross‐sectional analysis. Eur J Pain. 2025;29(6):e70075. [Link] [DOI:10.1002/ejp.70075]
84. Mehtar S, AlMhawish N, Shobak K, Reingold A, Guha-Sapir D, Haar RJ. Measles in conflict-affected northern Syria: Results from an ongoing outbreak surveillance program. Confl Health. 2021;15(1):95. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s13031-021-00430-0]
85. Tol WA, Ebrecht B, Aiyo R, Murray SM, Nguyen AJ, Kohrt BA, et al. Maternal mental health priorities, help-seeking behaviors, and resources in post-conflict settings: A qualitative study in eastern Uganda. BMC Psychiatry. 2018;18(1):39. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s12888-018-1626-x]
86. Ivasiy R, Galvez De Leon SJ, Meteliuk A, Fomenko T, Pykalo I, Bromberg DJ, et al. Responding to health policy recommendations on managing opioid use disorder during Russia's invasion of Ukraine: Divergent responses from the frontline to the west. Front Public Health. 2023;10:1044677. [Link] [DOI:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1044677]
87. Khanyukova I, Hondulenko N, Sanina N. Disability of military personnel in Ukraine for 2014-2022. Med Perspect. 2024(4):184-92. [Link] [DOI:10.26641/2307-0404.2024.4.319362]
88. Ahmed ST, Steele L, Richardson P, Nadkarni S, Bandi S, Rowneki M, et al. Association of gulf war illness-related symptoms with military exposures among 1990-1991 Gulf War Veterans Evaluated at the War-Related Illness and Injury Study Center (WRIISC). Brain Sci. 2022;12(3):321. [Link] [DOI:10.3390/brainsci12030321]
89. Berihu BA, Mulugeta A, Magana T, Belay TG, Yang P, Mekonen HK. Risk factors for neural tube defects in the war and siege-affected Tigray regional state of Ethiopia: A case-control study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2025;25(1):638. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s12884-025-07724-8]
90. Crawford K, Florez T, Rodriguez M, Cirado L, Read R, Haar R. "There is a fear that you will be attacked just for the act of working in health": A survey of experiences of violence against healthcare in Colombia. Confl Health. 2023;17(1):51. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s13031-023-00548-3]
91. Mohamed TK, Abdalla TO, Ahmed SG, Elnaeem A, Omer TM, Hassan TH, et al. Medical education under siege: The war's impact on medical and paramedical Sudanese students. BMC Med Educ. 2025;25(1):861. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s12909-025-07457-4]
92. Lewtak K, Nitsch-Osuch A, Dzielska A, Maciejewski T, Atif A, Sochoń-Latuszek A, et al. Healthcare professionals' perspectives on the challenges in the vaccination of Ukrainian child migrants and war refugees: Findings from a qualitative study in Poland. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2024;37(6):602. [Link] [DOI:10.13075/ijomeh.1896.02478]
93. Garry S, Checchi F. Armed conflict and public health: Into the 21st century. J Public Health. 2020;42(3):e287-98. [Link] [DOI:10.1093/pubmed/fdz095]
94. Sami S, Amsalu R, Dimiti A, Jackson D, Kenneth K, Kenyi S, et al. An analytic perspective of a mixed methods study during humanitarian crises in South Sudan: Translating facility-and community-based newborn guidelines into practice. Confl Health. 2021;15(1):5. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s13031-021-00339-8]
95. Bhattacharyya P, Songose L, Wilkinson L. How sexual and gender-based violence affects the settlement experiences among Yazidi refugee women in Canada. Front Hum Dyn. 2021;3:644846. [Link] [DOI:10.3389/fhumd.2021.644846]
96. Abera BT, Gebrecherkos T, Weledegebriel MG, Abreha GF. Prevalence of COVID-19 and associated factors among healthcare workers in the war-torn Tigray, Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2024;19(11):e0310128. [Link] [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0310128]
97. Diggle E, Welsch W, Sullivan R, Alkema G, Warsame A, Wafai M, et al. The role of public health information in assistance to populations living in opposition and contested areas of Syria, 2012-2014. Confl Health. 2017;11(1):33. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s13031-017-0134-9]
98. Mugisha J, Muyinda H, Wandiembe P, Kinyanda E. Prevalence and factors associated with posttraumatic stress disorder seven years after the conflict in three districts in northern Uganda (The Wayo-Nero Study). BMC Psychiatry. 2015;15(1):170. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s12888-015-0551-5]
99. M'Aiber S, Maamari K, Williams A, Albakry Z, Taher AQM, Hossain F, et al. The challenge of antibiotic resistance in post-war Mosul, Iraq: An analysis of 20 months of microbiological samples from a tertiary orthopaedic care centre. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2022;30:311-8. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.jgar.2022.06.022]
100. Saleh EA, Haddadin RN, Saleh B, Elayeh E. Changes in drug demand when a pandemic coincides with other outbreaks in a war zone country: A cross-sectional pilot study. J Pharm Policy Pract. 2022;15(1):89. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s40545-022-00487-z]
101. Suprenant MP, Gopaluni A, Dyson MK, Al-Dheeb N, Shafique F, Zaman MH. A predictive model for healthcare coverage in Yemen. Confl Health. 2020;14(1):55. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s13031-020-00300-1]
102. Douedari Y, Alhaffar M, Marzouk M, Duclos D, Howard N. Health system evaluation approaches in conflict-affected settings. In: The Oxford handbook of program evaluation in the global south. Oxford: Oxford Academic; 2026. [Link] [DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197761427.013.0022]
103. Kulane A, Owuor JO, Sematimba D, Abdulahi SA, Yusuf HM, Mohamed LM. Access to HIV care and resilience in a long-term conflict setting: A qualitative assessment of the experiences of living with diagnosed HIV in Mogadishu, Somali. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(7):721. [Link] [DOI:10.3390/ijerph14070721]
104. Jaffe E, Wacht O, Davidovitch N, Strugo R, Blustein O, Rosenblat I, et al. Managing a mega mass casualty event by a civilian emergency medical services agency: Lessons from the first day of the 2023 Hamas-Israel war. Int J Public Health. 2024;69:1606907. [Link] [DOI:10.3389/ijph.2024.1606907]
105. Ciccacci F, Ruggieri E, Scarcella P, Moramarco S, Carestia M, Di Giovanni D, et al. Between war and pestilence: The impact of armed conflicts on vaccination efforts: A review of literature. Front Public Health. 2025;13:1604288. [Link] [DOI:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1604288]
106. Gurajala S. Infectious disease burden in the aftermath of war: Insights from historical and contemporary perspectives. South Asian J Res Microbiol. 2025;19(7):40-9. [Link] [DOI:10.9734/sajrm/2025/v19i7450]
107. Rubio-León DC, Cano-Sierra L, Reyes-Rivera MJ, Forero-García SL, García-Padilla D, Abitbol P, et al. "The professionals weren't from here": Provision of mental health services in the context of the Colombian armed conflict. Arch Public Health. 2025;83(1):123. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s13690-025-01561-z]
108. Asiimwe R, Nuwagaba KRD, Dwanyen L, Kasujja R. Sociocultural considerations of mental health care and help-seeking in Uganda. SSM Ment Health. 2023;4:100232. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2023.100232]
109. Desai SP, Bell WC, Harris C, Burkle Jr FM, Dallas CE. Human consequences of multiple nuclear detonations in New Delhi (India): Interdisciplinary requirements in triage management. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(4):1740. [Link] [DOI:10.3390/ijerph18041740]
110. Abuhaiba S, Elijla Y, El‐Dadah A, Nassar O, Abu‐Sultan M, Almasry M, et al. Maternal and neonatal outcomes in Gaza amid armed hostilities in 2025. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2026. [Link] [DOI:10.1002/ijgo.70984]
111. Moutwakil A, Kumar A, Li AT, Huang CJ, Nelson BD, Woodward A, et al. Implementation of essential newborn care in settings of high-intensity armed conflict: A systematic review. BMJ Glob Health. 2026;11(3):e018964. [Link] [DOI:10.1136/bmjgh-2025-018964]
112. Simegn A, Goshu YA, Endalew TL, Eshetie Y, Abere Y, Tesfahun Y, et al. Conflict-driven antenatal care interruption in conflict zones of Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Conflict Health. 2026;20:36. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s13031-026-00790-5]
113. Woldearegay HG, Gebretnsae H, Mackey A, Bigalky J, Petrucka P. Understanding nature, barriers, and facilitators in addressing sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) in conflict zones of Africa: A scoping review. BMC Public Health. 2025;25(1):3583. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s12889-025-24645-5]
114. Abubakar N, Udechukwu CC, Darkwa S, Nwaisaac OJ, Olaitan OF. Cybersecurity threats and patient safety in digital healthcare systems: A narrative review. Asian J Med Princ Clin Pract. 2026;9(1):246-64. [Link] [DOI:10.9734/ajmpcp/2026/v9i1396]
115. Acosta-Vargas P, Acosta-Vargas G, Herrera-Avila M, Salvador-Acosta B, Pérez-Vargas JP, Donadi EA, et al. Sustainable AI-enabled UAV healthcare logistics: Environmental, social, and governance implications from a PRISMA-ScR review. Sustainability. 2026;18(6):3140. [Link] [DOI:10.3390/su18063140]
116. Sanchez P. War and health damage: Psychological and economic perspectives. 2025. [Link] [DOI:10.2139/ssrn.5169320]
117. Mohammed FEA, Ahmed MJ, Omer EOH, Abbas MEA, Abdelgyoum HA, Mahmoud AAK, et al. War, displacement, and mental health: Striving for health equity among young refugees and IDPs in Sudan. BMC Public Health. 2026;26(1):331. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s12889-025-25790-7]
118. Hussein SA, Ali AA, Osman MM, Ibrahim AM, Adem R, Hassan MM, et al. Prolonged multisectoral aid-driven reliance on health systems and governance post-conflict era in Somalia. Trop Med Health. 2026;54(1):10. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s41182-025-00861-y]
119. Rossini PG, Cotardo F, Carletto S, Oliva F, Merola M, Malandrone F, et al. Profiling PTSD severity among emergency healthcare workers in post-conflict Afghanistan. J Aggress Maltreat Trauma. 2026;35(4):579-97. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/10926771.2026.2656710]
120. Pandey G. Ethical considerations in crisis response: A qualitative study on humanitarian aid workers as health care providers. 2026. [Link]
121. Onvlee O, Jacobs E, Tromp N, Bailey A, Dieleman M. Health workforce resilience in the age of polycrisis: A framework to support health workforce policy and planning. Health Policy. 2025:105500. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.healthpol.2025.105500]
122. Ugwu EN. Resilience and recovery of healthcare systems post-emergency: Nigerian context. Multi Discip Res Dev J Intl. 2025;7(3):122-36. [Link]
123. Zalizniuk V, Plaksun A. International technical aid in post-conflict recovery: Lessons from global practices for de-occupied areas. Balt J Econ Stud. 2025;11(3):166-77. [Link] [DOI:10.30525/2256-0742/2025-11-3-166-177]
124. Buriachenko O, Somak O, Golubytskyi S, Kravchenko N, Kravchenko O. International support for Ukraine: Evaluating the impact of military, economic, and diplomatic aid. REVISTA DE CERCETARE SI INTERVENTIE SOCIALA. 2025;88. [Link] [DOI:10.33788/rcis.88.10]
125. Islam A. Humanity on the battlefield: Between law and practice: Exploring the protection of medical units and healthcare personnel in armed conflicts. 2025. [Link]
126. Asghar U, Javed MH, Haider A. The application of international humanitarian law in non-international armed conflicts: Examining the challenges and complexities of applying IHL in non-international armed conflicts. Soc Sci Rev Arch. 2025;3(2):667-80. [Link] [DOI:10.70670/sra.v3i2.656]